Python 语法速览与实战清单
本文是对于 现代 Python 开发:语法基础与工程实践的总结,更多 Python 相关资料参考 Python 学习与实践资料索引;本文参考了 Python Crash Course – Cheat Sheets,pysheeet 等。本文仅包含笔者在日常工作中经常使用的,并且认为较为关键的知识点与语法,如果想要进一步学习 Python 相关内容或者对于机器学习与数据挖掘方向感兴趣,可以参考程序猿的数据科学与机器学习实战手册。
基础语法
Python 是一门高阶、动态类型的多范式编程语言;定义 Python 文件的时候我们往往会先声明文件编码方式:
# 指定脚本调用方式 #!/usr/bin/env python # 配置 utf-8 编码 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*- # 配置其他编码 # -*- coding: <encoding-name> -*- # Vim 中还可以使用如下方式 # vim:fileencoding=<encoding-name>
人生苦短,请用 Python,大量功能强大的语法糖的同时让很多时候 Python 代码看上去有点像伪代码。譬如我们用 Python 实现的简易的快排相较于 Java 会显得很短小精悍:
def quicksort(arr): if len(arr) <= 1: return arr pivot = arr[len(arr) / 2] left = [x for x in arr if x < pivot] middle = [x for x in arr if x == pivot] right = [x for x in arr if x > pivot] return quicksort(left) + middle + quicksort(right) print quicksort([3,6,8,10,1,2,1]) # Prints "[1, 1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10]"
控制台交互
可以根据 name 关键字来判断是否是直接使用 python 命令执行某个脚本,还是外部引用;Google 开源的 fire 也是不错的快速将某个类封装为命令行工具的框架:
import fire class Calculator(object): """A simple calculator class.""" def double(self, number): return 2 * number if __name__ == '__main__': fire.Fire(Calculator) # python calculator.py double 10 # 20 # python calculator.py double --number=15 # 30
Python 2 中 print 是表达式,而 Python 3 中 print 是函数;如果希望在 Python 2 中将 print 以函数方式使用,则需要自定义引入:
from __future__ import print_function
我们也可以使用 pprint 来美化控制台输出内容:
import pprint stuff = ['spam', 'eggs', 'lumberjack', 'knights', 'ni'] pprint.pprint(stuff) # 自定义参数 pp = pprint.PrettyPrinter(depth=6) tup = ('spam', ('eggs', ('lumberjack', ('knights', ('ni', ('dead',('parrot', ('fresh fruit',)))))))) pp.pprint(tup)
模块
Python 中的模块(Module)即是 Python 源码文件,其可以导出类、函数与全局变量;当我们从某个模块导入变量时,函数名往往就是命名空间(Namespace)。而 Python 中的包(Package)则是模块的文件夹,往往由 init.py 指明某个文件夹为包:
# 文件目录 someDir/ main.py siblingModule.py # siblingModule.py def siblingModuleFun(): print('Hello from siblingModuleFun') def siblingModuleFunTwo(): print('Hello from siblingModuleFunTwo') import siblingModule import siblingModule as sibMod sibMod.siblingModuleFun() from siblingModule import siblingModuleFun siblingModuleFun() try: # Import 'someModuleA' that is only available in Windows import someModuleA except ImportError: try: # Import 'someModuleB' that is only available in Linux import someModuleB except ImportError:
Package 可以为某个目录下所有的文件设置统一入口:
someDir/ main.py subModules/ __init__.py subA.py subSubModules/ __init__.py subSubA.py # subA.py def subAFun(): print('Hello from subAFun') def subAFunTwo(): print('Hello from subAFunTwo') # subSubA.py def subSubAFun(): print('Hello from subSubAFun') def subSubAFunTwo(): print('Hello from subSubAFunTwo') # __init__.py from subDir # Adds 'subAFun()' and 'subAFunTwo()' to the 'subDir' namespace from .subA import * # The following two import statement do the same thing, they add 'subSubAFun()' and 'subSubAFunTwo()' to the 'subDir' namespace. The first one assumes '__init__.py' is empty in 'subSubDir', and the second one, assumes '__init__.py' in 'subSubDir' contains 'from .subSubA import *'. # Assumes '__init__.py' is empty in 'subSubDir' # Adds 'subSubAFun()' and 'subSubAFunTwo()' to the 'subDir' namespace from .subSubDir.subSubA import * # Assumes '__init__.py' in 'subSubDir' has 'from .subSubA import *' # Adds 'subSubAFun()' and 'subSubAFunTwo()' to the 'subDir' namespace from .subSubDir import * # __init__.py from subSubDir # Adds 'subSubAFun()' and 'subSubAFunTwo()' to the 'subSubDir' namespace from .subSubA import * # main.py import subDir subDir.subAFun() # Hello from subAFun subDir.subAFunTwo() # Hello from subAFunTwo subDir.subSubAFun() # Hello from subSubAFun subDir.subSubAFunTwo() # Hello from subSubAFunTwo
表达式与控制流
条件选择
Python 中使用 if、elif、else 来进行基础的条件选择操作:
if x < 0: x = 0 print('Negative changed to zero') elif x == 0: print('Zero') else: print('More')
Python 同样支持 ternary conditional operator:
a if condition else b
也可以使用 Tuple 来实现类似的效果:
# test 需要返回 True 或者 False (falseValue, trueValue)[test] # 更安全的做法是进行强制判断 (falseValue, trueValue)[test == True] # 或者使用 bool 类型转换函数 (falseValue, trueValue)[bool(<expression>)]
循环遍历
for-in 可以用来遍历数组与字典:
words = ['cat', 'window', 'defenestrate'] for w in words: print(w, len(w)) # 使用数组访问操作符,能够迅速地生成数组的副本 for w in words[:]: if len(w) > 6: words.insert(0, w) # words -> ['defenestrate', 'cat', 'window', 'defenestrate']
如果我们希望使用数字序列进行遍历,可以使用 Python 内置的 range 函数:
a = ['Mary', 'had', 'a', 'little', 'lamb'] for i in range(len(a)): print(i, a[i])
基本数据类型
可以使用内建函数进行强制类型转换(Casting):
int(str) float(str) str(int) str(float)
Number: 数值类型
x = 3 print type(x) # Prints "<type 'int'>" print x # Prints "3" print x + 1 # Addition; prints "4" print x - 1 # Subtraction; prints "2" print x * 2 # Multiplication; prints "6" print x ** 2 # Exponentiation; prints "9" x += 1 print x # Prints "4" x *= 2 print x # Prints "8" y = 2.5 print type(y) # Prints "<type 'float'>" print y, y + 1, y * 2, y ** 2 # Prints "2.5 3.5 5.0 6.25"
布尔类型
Python 提供了常见的逻辑操作符,不过需要注意的是 Python 中并没有使用 &&、|| 等,而是直接使用了英文单词。
t = True f = False print type(t) # Prints "<type 'bool'>" print t and f # Logical AND; prints "False" print t or f # Logical OR; prints "True" print not t # Logical NOT; prints "False" print t != f # Logical XOR; prints "True"
String: 字符串
Python 2 中支持 Ascii 码的 str() 类型,独立的 unicode() 类型,没有 byte 类型;而 Python 3 中默认的字符串为 utf-8 类型,并且包含了 byte 与 bytearray 两个字节类型:
type("Guido") # string type is str in python2 ## 使用 __future__ 中提供的模块来降级使用 Unicode from __future__ import unicode_literals type("Guido") # string type become unicode # <type 'unicode'>
Python 字符串支持分片、模板字符串等常见操作:
var1 = 'Hello World!' var2 = "Python Programming" print "var1[0]: ", var1[0] print "var2[1:5]: ", var2[1:5] # var1[0]: H # var2[1:5]: ytho print "My name is %s and weight is %d kg!" % ('Zara', 21) # My name is Zara and weight is 21 kg!
str[0:4] len(str) string.replace("-", " ") ",".join(list) "hi {0}".format('j') str.find(",") str.index(",") # same, but raises IndexError str.count(",") str.split(",") str.lower() str.upper() str.title() str.lstrip() str.rstrip() str.strip() str.islower()
# 移除所有的特殊字符 re.sub('[^A-Za-z0-9]+', '', mystring)
如果需要判断是否包含某个子字符串,或者搜索某个字符串的下标:
# in 操作符可以判断字符串 if "blah" not in somestring: continue # find 可以搜索下标 s = "This be a string" if s.find("is") == -1: print "No 'is' here!" else: print "Found 'is' in the string."
Regex: 正则表达式
import re # 判断是否匹配 re.match(r'^[aeiou]', str) # 以第二个参数指定的字符替换原字符串中内容 re.sub(r'^[aeiou]', '?', str) re.sub(r'(xyz)', r'\1', str) # 编译生成独立的正则表达式对象 expr = re.compile(r'^...$') expr.match(...) expr.sub(...)
下面列举了常见的表达式使用场景:
# 检测是否为 HTML 标签 re.search('<[^/>][^>]*>', '<a href="#label">') # 常见的用户名密码 re.match('^[a-zA-Z0-9-_]{3,16}$', 'Foo') is not None re.match('^\w|[-_]{3,16}$', 'Foo') is not None # Email re.match('^([a-z0-9_\.-]+)@([\da-z\.-]+)\.([a-z\.]{2,6})$', 'hello.world@example.com') # Url exp = re.compile(r'''^(https?:\/\/)? # match http or https ([\da-z\.-]+) # match domain \.([a-z\.]{2,6}) # match domain ([\/\w \.-]*)\/?$ # match api or file ''', re.X) exp.match('www.google.com') # IP 地址 exp = re.compile(r'''^(?:(?:25[0-5] |2[0-4][0-9] |[1]?[0-9][0-9]?)\.){3} (?:25[0-5] |2[0-4][0-9] |[1]?[0-9][0-9]?)$''', re.X) exp.match('192.168.1.1')
集合类型
List: 列表
Operation: 创建增删
list 是基础的序列类型:
l = [] l = list() # 使用字符串的 split 方法,可以将字符串转化为列表 str.split(".") # 如果需要将数组拼装为字符串,则可以使用 join list1 = ['1', '2', '3'] str1 = ''.join(list1) # 如果是数值数组,则需要先进行转换 list1 = [1, 2, 3] str1 = ''.join(str(e) for e in list1)
可以使用 append 与 extend 向数组中插入元素或者进行数组连接
x = [1, 2, 3] x.append([4, 5]) # [1, 2, 3, [4, 5]]
x.extend([4, 5]) # [1, 2, 3, 4, 5],注意 extend 返回值为 None
可以使用 pop、slices、del、remove 等移除列表中元素:
myList = [10,20,30,40,50] # 弹出第二个元素 myList.pop(1) # 20 # myList: myList.pop(1) # 如果不加任何参数,则默认弹出最后一个元素 myList.pop() # 使用 slices 来删除某个元素 a = [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 ] index = 3 # Only Positive index a = a[:index] + a[index+1 :] # 根据下标删除元素 myList = [10,20,30,40,50] rmovIndxNo = 3 del myList[rmovIndxNo] # myList: [10, 20, 30, 50] # 使用 remove 方法,直接根据元素删除 letters = ["a", "b", "c", "d", "e"] numbers.remove(numbers[1]) print(*letters) # used a * to make it unpack you don't have to
Iteration: 索引遍历
你可以使用基本的 for 循环来遍历数组中的元素,就像下面介个样纸:
animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey'] for animal in animals: print animal # Prints "cat", "dog", "monkey", each on its own line.
如果你在循环的同时也希望能够获取到当前元素下标,可以使用 enumerate 函数:
animals = ['cat', 'dog', 'monkey'] for idx, animal in enumerate(animals): print '#%d: %s' % (idx + 1, animal) # Prints "#1: cat", "#2: dog", "#3: monkey", each on its own line
Python 也支持切片(Slices):
nums = range(5) # range is a built-in function that creates a list of integers print nums # Prints "[0, 1, 2, 3, 4]" print nums[2:4] # Get a slice from index 2 to 4 (exclusive); prints "[2, 3]" print nums[2:] # Get a slice from index 2 to the end; prints "[2, 3, 4]" print nums[:2] # Get a slice from the start to index 2 (exclusive); prints "[0, 1]" print nums[:] # Get a slice of the whole list; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3, 4]" print nums[:-1] # Slice indices can be negative; prints ["0, 1, 2, 3]" nums[2:4] = [8, 9] # Assign a new sublist to a slice print nums # Prints "[0, 1, 8, 9, 4]"
Comprehensions: 变换
Python 中同样可以使用 map、reduce、filter,map 用于变换数组:
# 使用 map 对数组中的每个元素计算平方 items = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5] squared = list(map(lambda x: x**2, items)) # map 支持函数以数组方式连接使用 def multiply(x): return (x*x) def add(x): return (x+x) funcs = [multiply, add] for i in range(5): value = list(map(lambda x: x(i), funcs)) print(value) reduce 用于进行归纳计算: # reduce 将数组中的值进行归纳 from functools import reduce product = reduce((lambda x, y: x * y), [1, 2, 3, 4]) # Output: 24
filter 则可以对数组进行过滤:
number_list = range(-5, 5) less_than_zero = list(filter(lambda x: x < 0, number_list)) print(less_than_zero) # Output: [-5, -4, -3, -2, -1]
字典类型
创建增删
d = {'cat': 'cute', 'dog': 'furry'} # 创建新的字典 print d['cat'] # 字典不支持点(Dot)运算符取值
如果需要合并两个或者多个字典类型:
# python 3.5 z = {**x, **y} # python 2.7 def merge_dicts(*dict_args): """ Given any number of dicts, shallow copy and merge into a new dict, precedence goes to key value pairs in latter dicts. """ result = {} for dictionary in dict_args: result.update(dictionary) return result
索引遍历
可以根据键来直接进行元素访问:
# Python 中对于访问不存在的键会抛出 KeyError 异常,需要先行判断或者使用 get print 'cat' in d # Check if a dictionary has a given key; prints "True" # 如果直接使用 [] 来取值,需要先确定键的存在,否则会抛出异常 print d['monkey'] # KeyError: 'monkey' not a key of d # 使用 get 函数则可以设置默认值 print d.get('monkey', 'N/A') # Get an element with a default; prints "N/A" print d.get('fish', 'N/A') # Get an element with a default; prints "wet" d.keys() # 使用 keys 方法可以获取所有的键
可以使用 for-in 来遍历数组:
# 遍历键 for key in d: # 比前一种方式慢 for k in dict.keys(): ... # 直接遍历值 for value in dict.itervalues(): ... # Python 2.x 中遍历键值 for key, value in d.iteritems(): # Python 3.x 中遍历键值 for key, value in d.items():
其他序列类型
集合
# Same as {"a", "b","c"} normal_set = set(["a", "b","c"]) # Adding an element to normal set is fine normal_set.add("d") print("Normal Set") print(normal_set) # A frozen set frozen_set = frozenset(["e", "f", "g"]) print("Frozen Set") print(frozen_set) # Uncommenting below line would cause error as # we are trying to add element to a frozen set # frozen_set.add("h")
函数
函数定义
Python 中的函数使用 def 关键字进行定义,譬如:
def sign(x): if x > 0: return 'positive' elif x < 0: return 'negative' else: return 'zero' for x in [-1, 0, 1]: print sign(x) # Prints "negative", "zero", "positive"
Python 支持运行时创建动态函数,也即是所谓的 lambda 函数:
def f(x): return x**2 # 等价于 g = lambda x: x**2
参数
Option Arguments: 不定参数
def example(a, b=None, *args, **kwargs): print a, b print args print kwargs example(1, "var", 2, 3, word="hello") # 1 var # (2, 3) # {'word': 'hello'} a_tuple = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) a_dict = {"1":1, "2":2, "3":3} example(1, "var", *a_tuple, **a_dict) # 1 var # (1, 2, 3, 4, 5) # {'1': 1, '2': 2, '3': 3}
生成器
def simple_generator_function(): yield 1 yield 2 yield 3 for value in simple_generator_function(): print(value) # 输出结果 # 1 # 2 # 3 our_generator = simple_generator_function() next(our_generator) # 1 next(our_generator) # 2 next(our_generator) #3 # 生成器典型的使用场景譬如无限数组的迭代 def get_primes(number): while True: if is_prime(number): yield number number += 1
装饰器
装饰器是非常有用的设计模式:
# 简单装饰器 from functools import wraps def decorator(func): @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): print('wrap function') return func(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper @decorator def example(*a, **kw): pass example.__name__ # attr of function preserve # 'example' # Decorator # 带输入值的装饰器 from functools import wraps def decorator_with_argument(val): def decorator(func): @wraps(func) def wrapper(*args, **kwargs): print "Val is {0}".format(val) return func(*args, **kwargs) return wrapper return decorator @decorator_with_argument(10) def example(): print "This is example function." example() # Val is 10 # This is example function. # 等价于 def example(): print "This is example function." example = decorator_with_argument(10)(example) example() # Val is 10 # This is example function.
类与对象
类定义
Python 中对于类的定义也很直接:
class Greeter(object): # Constructor def __init__(self, name): self.name = name # Create an instance variable # Instance method def greet(self, loud=False): if loud: print 'HELLO, %s!' % self.name.upper() else: print 'Hello, %s' % self.name g = Greeter('Fred') # Construct an instance of the Greeter class g.greet() # Call an instance method; prints "Hello, Fred" g.greet(loud=True) # Call an instance method; prints "HELLO, FRED!" # isinstance 方法用于判断某个对象是否源自某个类 ex = 10 isinstance(ex,int)
Managed Attributes: 受控属性
# property、setter、deleter 可以用于复写点方法 class Example(object): def __init__(self, value): self._val = value @property def val(self): return self._val @val.setter def val(self, value): if not isintance(value, int): raise TypeError("Expected int") self._val = value @val.deleter def val(self): del self._val @property def square3(self): return 2**3 ex = Example(123) ex.val = "str" # Traceback (most recent call last): # File "", line 1, in # File "test.py", line 12, in val # raise TypeError("Expected int") # TypeError: Expected int
类方法与静态方法
class example(object): @classmethod def clsmethod(cls): print "I am classmethod" @staticmethod def stmethod(): print "I am staticmethod" def instmethod(self): print "I am instancemethod" ex = example() ex.clsmethod() # I am classmethod ex.stmethod() # I am staticmethod ex.instmethod() # I am instancemethod example.clsmethod() # I am classmethod example.stmethod() # I am staticmethod example.instmethod() # Traceback (most recent call last): # File "", line 1, in # TypeError: unbound method instmethod() ...
对象
实例化
属性操作
Python 中对象的属性不同于字典键,可以使用点运算符取值,直接使用 in 判断会存在问题:
class A(object): @property def prop(self): return 3 a = A() print "'prop' in a.__dict__ =", 'prop' in a.__dict__ print "hasattr(a, 'prop') =", hasattr(a, 'prop') print "a.prop =", a.prop # 'prop' in a.__dict__ = False # hasattr(a, 'prop') = True # a.prop = 3
建议使用 hasattr、getattr、setattr 这种方式对于对象属性进行操作:
class Example(object): def __init__(self): self.name = "ex" def printex(self): print "This is an example" # Check object has attributes # hasattr(obj, 'attr') ex = Example() hasattr(ex,"name") # True hasattr(ex,"printex") # True hasattr(ex,"print") # False # Get object attribute # getattr(obj, 'attr') getattr(ex,'name') # 'ex' # Set object attribute # setattr(obj, 'attr', value) setattr(ex,'name','example') ex.name # 'example'
异常与测试
异常处理
Context Manager - with
with 常用于打开或者关闭某些资源:
host = 'localhost' port = 5566 with Socket(host, port) as s: while True: conn, addr = s.accept() msg = conn.recv(1024) print msg conn.send(msg) conn.close()
单元测试
from __future__ import print_function import unittest def fib(n): return 1 if n<=2 else fib(n-1)+fib(n-2) def setUpModule(): print("setup module") def tearDownModule(): print("teardown module") class TestFib(unittest.TestCase): def setUp(self): print("setUp") self.n = 10 def tearDown(self): print("tearDown") del self.n @classmethod def setUpClass(cls): print("setUpClass") @classmethod def tearDownClass(cls): print("tearDownClass") def test_fib_assert_equal(self): self.assertEqual(fib(self.n), 55) def test_fib_assert_true(self): self.assertTrue(fib(self.n) == 55) if __name__ == "__main__": unittest.main()
存储
文件读写
路径处理
Python 内置的 file 关键字会指向当前文件的相对路径,可以根据它来构造绝对路径,或者索引其他文件:
# 获取当前文件的相对目录 dir = os.path.dirname(__file__) # src\app ## once you're at the directory level you want, with the desired directory as the final path node: dirname1 = os.path.basename(dir) dirname2 = os.path.split(dir)[1] ## if you look at the documentation, this is exactly what os.path.basename does. # 获取当前代码文件的绝对路径,abspath 会自动根据相对路径与当前工作空间进行路径补全 os.path.abspath(os.path.dirname(__file__)) # D:\WorkSpace\OWS\tool\ui-tool-svn\python\src\app # 获取当前文件的真实路径 os.path.dirname(os.path.realpath(__file__)) # D:\WorkSpace\OWS\tool\ui-tool-svn\python\src\app # 获取当前执行路径 os.getcwd()
可以使用 listdir、walk、glob 模块来进行文件枚举与检索:
# 仅列举所有的文件 from os import listdir from os.path import isfile, join onlyfiles = [f for f in listdir(mypath) if isfile(join(mypath, f))] # 使用 walk 递归搜索 from os import walk f = [] for (dirpath, dirnames, filenames) in walk(mypath): f.extend(filenames) break # 使用 glob 进行复杂模式匹配 import glob print(glob.glob("/home/adam/*.txt")) # ['/home/adam/file1.txt', '/home/adam/file2.txt', .... ]
简单文件读写
# 可以根据文件是否存在选择写入模式 mode = 'a' if os.path.exists(writepath) else 'w' # 使用 with 方法能够自动处理异常 with open("file.dat",mode) as f: f.write(...) ... # 操作完毕之后记得关闭文件 f.close() # 读取文件内容 message = f.read()
复杂格式文件
JSON
import json # Writing JSON data with open('data.json', 'w') as f: json.dump(data, f) # Reading data back with open('data.json', 'r') as f: data = json.load(f)
XML
我们可以使用 lxml 来解析与处理 XML 文件,本部分即对其常用操作进行介绍。lxml 支持从字符串或者文件中创建 Element 对象:
from lxml import etree # 可以从字符串开始构造 xml = '' root = etree.fromstring(xml) etree.tostring(root) # b'' # 也可以从某个文件开始构造 tree = etree.parse("doc/test.xml") # 或者指定某个 baseURL root = etree.fromstring(xml, base_url="http://where.it/is/from.xml")
其提供了迭代器以对所有元素进行遍历:
# 遍历所有的节点 for tag in tree.iter(): if not len(tag): print tag.keys() # 获取所有自定义属性 print (tag.tag, tag.text) # text 即文本子元素值 # 获取 XPath for e in root.iter(): print tree.getpath(e)
lxml 支持以 XPath 查找元素,不过需要注意的是,XPath 查找的结果是数组,并且在包含命名空间的情况下,需要指定命名空间:
root.xpath('//page/text/text()',ns={prefix:url}) # 可以使用 getparent 递归查找父元素 el.getparent()
lxml 提供了 insert、append 等方法进行元素操作:
# append 方法默认追加到尾部 st = etree.Element("state", name="New Mexico") co = etree.Element("county", name="Socorro") st.append(co) # insert 方法可以指定位置 node.insert(0, newKid)
Excel
可以使用 xlrd 来读取 Excel 文件,使用 xlsxwriter 来写入与操作 Excel 文件。
# 读取某个 Cell 的原始值 sh.cell(rx, col).value
# 创建新的文件 workbook = xlsxwriter.Workbook(outputFile) worksheet = workbook.add_worksheet() # 设置从第 0 行开始写入 row = 0 # 遍历二维数组,并且将其写入到 Excel 中 for rowData in array: for col, data in enumerate(rowData): worksheet.write(row, col, data) row = row + 1 workbook.close()
文件系统
对于高级的文件操作,我们可以使用 Python 内置的 shutil
# 递归删除 appName 下面的所有的文件夹 shutil.rmtree(appName)
网络交互
Requests
Requests 是优雅而易用的 Python 网络请求库:
import requests r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/events') r = requests.get('https://api.github.com/user', auth=('user', 'pass')) r.status_code # 200 r.headers['content-type'] # 'application/json; charset=utf8' r.encoding # 'utf-8' r.text # u'{"type":"User"...' r.json() # {u'private_gists': 419, u'total_private_repos': 77, ...} r = requests.put('http://httpbin.org/put', data = {'key':'value'}) r = requests.delete('http://httpbin.org/delete') r = requests.head('http://httpbin.org/get') r = requests.options('http://httpbin.org/get')
数据存储
MySQL
import pymysql.cursors # Connect to the database connection = pymysql.connect(host='localhost', user='user', password='passwd', db='db', charset='utf8mb4', cursorclass=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor) try: with connection.cursor() as cursor: # Create a new record sql = "INSERT INTO `users` (`email`, `password`) VALUES (%s, %s)" cursor.execute(sql, ('webmaster@python.org', 'very-secret')) # connection is not autocommit by default. So you must commit to save # your changes. connection.commit() with connection.cursor() as cursor: # Read a single record sql = "SELECT `id`, `password` FROM `users` WHERE `email`=%s" cursor.execute(sql, ('webmaster@python.org',)) result = cursor.fetchone() print(result) finally: connection.close()
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p class="source">原文链接:https://segmentfault.com/a/1190000012129654